Brown vs. The Board of EducationA landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
This helped to desegregate schools making just one of the many parts of the civil rights movement . Little Rock NineThe Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas.
Several segregationist councils threatened to hold protests at Central High and physically block the black students from entering the school. Governor Orval Faubus deployed the Arkansas National Guard to support the segregationists on September 4, 1957. The sight of a line of soldiers blocking out the students made national headlines and polarized the nation.the mayor of Little Rock, asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops to enforce integration and protect the nine students. On September 24, the President ordered the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army—without its black soldiers, who rejoined the division a month later—to Little Rock and federalized the entire 10,000-member Arkansas National Guard, taking it out of the hands of Faubus. March on WashingtonThis program listed the events scheduled at the Lincoln Memorial during the August 28, 1963, March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The highlight of the march, which attracted 250,000 people, was Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech.
Civil Rights Act 1964This act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on July 2, 1964, prohibited discrimination in public places, This is important becosue it provided for the integration of schools and other public facilities, and made employment discrimination illegal.
Black PanthersIn October of 1966, in Oakland California, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. The Panthers practiced militant self-defense of minority communities against the U.S. government, and fought to establish revolutionary socialism through mass organizing and community based programs.
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Rosa ParksRosa Parks, whose refusal to give up her bus seat to a white passenger sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and most importantly fueled the civil rights movement! The leaders of the local black community organized a bus boycott that began the day Parks was convicted of violating the segregation laws. Led by a young Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the boycott lasted more than a year—during which Parks not coincidentally lost her job—and ended only when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional.
Freedom RidersMay 4, 1961, a group of 13 African-American and white civil rights activists launched the Freedom Rides, a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals. The Freedom Riders departed from Washington, D.C., and attempted to integrate facilities at bus terminals along the way into the Deep South. African-American Freedom Riders tried to use “whites-only” restrooms and lunch counters, and vice versa. The group encountered tremendous violence from white protesters along the route, but also drew international attention to their cause. Over the next few months, several hundred Freedom Riders engaged in similar actions. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in bus and train stations nationwide.
Women N.O.WNOW was founded on June 30, 1966, in Washington, D.C., by 28 people attending the Third National Conference of State Commissions on the Status of Women.These women’s rights activists were frustrated with the way in which the federal government was not enforcing the new anti-discrimination laws. Even after measures like the EEOC and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, employers were still discriminating against women in terms of hiring women and unequal pay with men.Women’s rights advocates saw that these legal changes were not being enforced and worried that without a feminist pressure group, a type of “NAACP for women”, women would not be able to combat discrimination.
It's important because it mobilized women, gave women’s rights advocates the power to put pressure on employers and the government, and promoted full equality of the sexes. Cesar ChavesCesar Chavez was an American farm worker, labor leader and civil rights activist, who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association,a labor union for farm workers in the United States.
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Montgomery Bus BoycottThe Montgomery Bus Boycott, in which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating.
It was know to be regarded as the first large-scale demonstration against segregation in the U.S It was important because it helped desegregate buses in a peaceful protest . Birmingham, Alabama1963, Birmingham became a focus for the civil rights movement. Birmingham, as a city, had made its mark on the civil rights movement for a number of years. Whether it was through the activities of Bull Connor or the bombed church which killed four school girls, many Americans would have known about Birmingham by 1963. Both SNCC and the NAACP were relatively inactive in Birmingham; so any civil rights campaign could be lead by SCLC without too much rivalry. Martin Luther King’s brother was also a pastor in the city so family connections helped the role of SCLC
Why was Birmingham so important? It was a KKK stronghold and King described it as America’s worst city for racism, However The scenes of police dogs attacking children and youths pushed Kennedy into greater action -civil rights legislation shortly followed. The media had once again shown America what life was like for African Americans in the South and probably provided the movement with its greatest boost. Extra money poured into the SCLC’s coffers as a result of this event. SNCC
The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, formed to give younger blacks more of a voice in the civil rights movement, making it an important part of the civil rights movement
Malcolm XAn African-American Muslim minister and a human rights activist.He urged followers to defend themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary.”Charismatic and eloquent, Malcolm became an influential leader of the Nation of Islam, which combined Islam with black nationalism and sought to encourage and enfranchise disadvantaged young blacks searching for confidence in segregated America.
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